PagerDuty

PagerDuty is a cloud-based incident management platform that helps organizations detect, triage, and resolve incidents across their digital infrastructure and services. It centralizes alerts from various monitoring tools, applications, and systems, enabling teams to effectively coordinate and respond to incidents.

Understanding the presence of PagerDuty throughout an organization's external digital presence is essential for several reasons:

Incident Response and Management: PagerDuty serves as a critical component of an organization's incident response process, allowing teams to quickly detect and respond to incidents that impact their external digital services. Knowing where PagerDuty is implemented externally helps organizations ensure timely incident detection, triage, and resolution, minimizing downtime and service disruptions.

Alert Management: PagerDuty aggregates alerts from monitoring tools, applications, and systems, giving teams real-time visibility into the health and performance of their external digital infrastructure and services. Understanding the presence of PagerDuty helps organizations manage alert notifications effectively, prioritize incident response efforts, and ensure that critical alerts are addressed promptly.

On-Call Management: PagerDuty facilitates on-call scheduling and escalation policies, ensuring the right personnel are notified and engaged in incident response activities based on predefined roles and rotations. Knowing where PagerDuty is integrated externally helps organizations maintain effective on-call workflows, ensure round-the-clock availability of support teams, and optimize incident response processes.

Collaboration and Communication: PagerDuty enables teams to collaborate and communicate during incident response activities through features such as incident timelines, status updates, and response workflows. Understanding the presence of PagerDuty helps organizations facilitate communication and coordination among stakeholders, share incident status updates, and track resolution progress in real time.

Post-Incident Analysis and Learning: PagerDuty provides capabilities for post-incident analysis, including incident timelines, root cause analysis, and incident response metrics. Knowing where PagerDuty is implemented externally helps organizations conduct post-mortems, identify areas for improvement in incident response processes, and implement corrective actions to prevent future incidents.

Compliance and Auditing: PagerDuty supports compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards by providing audit trails, activity logs, and reporting capabilities. Understanding PagerDuty's presence helps organizations maintain visibility into incident response activities, demonstrate compliance with incident management policies, and address audit requirements effectively.

Knowing the presence of PagerDuty throughout an organization's external digital presence is essential for ensuring effective incident response and management, maintaining service availability and reliability, facilitating communication and collaboration among teams, and enhancing overall cybersecurity posture. By maintaining awareness of PagerDuty implementations, organizations can improve their incident response capabilities, reduce the impact of service disruptions, and enhance customer satisfaction.

ThreatNG, an all-in-one external attack surface management, digital risk protection, and security ratings solution, would significantly enhance an organization's cybersecurity posture, especially when compared to solutions like PagerDuty.

External Discovery of PagerDuty SaaS (via Cloud and SaaS Exposure): ThreatNG's external discovery capabilities include identifying sanctioned and unsanctioned cloud services and SaaS implementations. ThreatNG can discover if an organization uses PagerDuty as a SaaS solution, even without internal access or connectors. This is crucial for understanding the whole external attack surface and ensuring all external-facing assets are accounted for in security assessments. For example, ThreatNG would detect an organization's publicly exposed PagerDuty instance, which might indicate a potential vector for attackers if not properly secured.

External Assessment: ThreatNG provides a comprehensive set of external assessment ratings that are directly relevant to an organization's overall security, including aspects related to PagerDuty:

• Web Application Hijack Susceptibility: ThreatNG analyzes externally accessible parts of a web application to identify potential entry points. If an organization's PagerDuty login page or any associated web interface is misconfigured or vulnerable, ThreatNG would factor this into the susceptibility score.

• Subdomain Takeover Susceptibility: ThreatNG assesses a website's subdomains, DNS records, and SSL certificate statuses. If PagerDuty is hosted on a subdomain and there's a misconfigured DNS record pointing to a de-provisioned service, ThreatNG would flag this as a subdomain takeover risk.

• BEC & Phishing Susceptibility derives from sentiment and financials, domain intelligence, and dark web presence (compromised credentials). ThreatNG could identify compromised credentials associated with PagerDuty accounts on the dark web, significantly increasing the BEC & phishing susceptibility for the organization. For instance, if PagerDuty account credentials for an incident responder are found on the dark web, it elevates the risk of targeted phishing attacks.

• Brand Damage Susceptibility: This considers attack surface intelligence, digital risk intelligence, ESG violations, sentiment and financials (lawsuits, negative news), and domain intelligence. Even if resolved, a publicly known security incident involving PagerDuty and impacting the organization could negatively influence this score.

• Data Leak Susceptibility: Derived from cloud and SaaS exposure, dark web presence (compromised credentials), domain intelligence, and sentiment and financials. ThreatNG might discover compromised PagerDuty credentials or misconfigured PagerDuty settings that could inadvertently expose sensitive incident data, raising the data leak susceptibility.

• Cyber Risk Exposure: This factor in certificates, subdomain headers, vulnerabilities, sensitive ports, code secret exposure, cloud and SaaS exposure, and compromised credentials on the dark web. If an organization's PagerDuty instance has an expired SSL certificate, exposed sensitive ports, or PagerDuty-related API keys found in public code repositories, ThreatNG will contribute this to the cyber risk exposure score. For example, discovering a publicly accessible port on a server hosting PagerDuty integrations with a known vulnerability would increase this score.

• ESG Exposure: ThreatNG rates an organization based on discovered ESG violations from external attack surface and digital risk findings, including areas like safety-related offenses. While less direct, a significant incident response failure, potentially involving a lack of proper PagerDuty use or misconfiguration, could be considered a safety-related incident that impacts ESG.

• Supply Chain & Third Party Exposure: This is derived from domain intelligence (vendor technology enumeration), technology stack, and cloud and SaaS exposure. If an organization uses PagerDuty and also relies on a third-party service that integrates with PagerDuty, ThreatNG would assess that third party's security posture, and any identified vulnerabilities in their integrations could contribute to the organization's supply chain risk.

• Breach & Ransomware Susceptibility: This is calculated based on external attack surface and digital risk intelligence, including domain intelligence (exposed sensitive ports, private IPs, vulnerabilities), dark web presence (compromised credentials, ransomware events), and sentiment and financials. If PagerDuty accounts or integrated systems are found to have compromised credentials on the dark web, or if there's evidence of ransomware gang activity targeting organizations with similar PagerDuty setups, the susceptibility score would increase.

• Mobile App Exposure: ThreatNG evaluates mobile app exposure by discovering apps in marketplaces and checking their content for access credentials, security credentials, and platform-specific identifiers. If an organization's mobile app integrates with PagerDuty and inadvertently exposes PagerDuty API keys, ThreatNG would flag this. For instance, if an organization's custom mobile application, available on the Google Play Store, is found to have an embedded PagerDuty API key, ThreatNG would detect this.

• Positive Security Indicators: ThreatNG identifies security strengths like the presence of Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) or multi-factor authentication (MFA) from an external attacker's perspective. If an organization has properly implemented MFA for their PagerDuty login, ThreatNG would validate this as a positive security indicator, offering a more balanced view of their security posture.

Reporting: ThreatNG provides various reports, including Executive, Technical, Prioritized, Security Ratings, Inventory, Ransomware Susceptibility, and U.S. SEC Filings reports. These reports would include details on any identified risks or vulnerabilities related to an organization's use of PagerDuty, allowing for targeted remediation efforts and clear communication to stakeholders. For example, a "Prioritized" report would highlight a critical vulnerability in an organization's public-facing PagerDuty integration.

Continuous Monitoring: ThreatNG monitors an organization's external attack surface, digital risk, and security ratings. This ensures that any new vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or exposed PagerDuty instances are identified and flagged in real-time as the organization's digital footprint evolves.

Investigation Modules: ThreatNG's detailed investigation modules provide granular insights relevant to PagerDuty:

• Domain Intelligence:

  • Subdomain Intelligence: This module analyzes HTTP responses, header analysis, server headers, and content identification. If an organization's PagerDuty instance or a related integration is hosted on a subdomain, ThreatNG would analyze its security headers (e.g., missing HSTS), identify exposed sensitive ports (e.g., an unnecessarily open SSH port on a server integrating with PagerDuty), and identify known vulnerabilities associated with the technologies used.

• Sensitive Code Exposure:

  • Code Repository Exposure: ThreatNG discovers public code repositories and uncovers digital risks like access credentials (e.g., PagerDuty API keys), security credentials, and configuration files. If a developer inadvertently uploads code containing a PagerDuty API key to a public GitHub repository, ThreatNG would detect this, preventing potential unauthorized access to PagerDuty.

  • Mobile Application Discovery: ThreatNG discovers mobile apps in marketplaces and analyzes their content for access credentials (e.g., PagerDuty API tokens) and security credentials. If an organization's mobile application that integrates with PagerDuty has exposed credentials, ThreatNG would identify this critical vulnerability.

• Search Engine Exploitation:

  • Search Engine Attack Surface: This facility helps investigate an organization’s susceptibility to exposing sensitive information via search engines. If an organization has mistakenly made a PagerDuty configuration file or logs publicly available and indexed by search engines, ThreatNG would highlight this risk.

• Cloud and SaaS Exposure: This module identifies sanctioned and unsanctioned cloud services and SaaS implementations. Crucially, it explicitly lists PagerDuty as a SaaS implementation it identifies. This means ThreatNG can confirm the presence of PagerDuty within an organization's external footprint and assess its exposure. For instance, if an organization has an unsanctioned PagerDuty account being used by a department, ThreatNG would identify this, helping to bring it under central security management.

• Online Sharing Exposure: ThreatNG checks for organizational entity presence on code-sharing platforms like Pastebin and GitHub Gist. If a PagerDuty incident report containing sensitive information or credentials related to PagerDuty is accidentally pasted onto Pastebin, ThreatNG will detect this.

• Dark Web Presence: This module identifies organizational mentions on the dark web, including associated ransomware events and compromised credentials. If PagerDuty account credentials or discussions about exploiting PagerDuty are found on dark web forums, ThreatNG would alert the organization.

• Technology Stack: ThreatNG identifies various technologies an organization uses, including incident management solutions. This would confirm PagerDuty's presence in the organization's technology stack from an external perspective.

Intelligence Repositories (DarCache): ThreatNG's DarCache provides continuously updated intelligence repositories, which are vital for contextualizing PagerDuty-related risks:

• Compromised Credentials (DarCache Rupture): This repository would be instrumental in identifying if any PagerDuty user credentials associated with the organization have been compromised and are available on the dark web.

• Ransomware Groups and Activities (DarCache Ransomware): By tracking over 70 ransomware gangs, DarCache Ransomware can provide insights into whether specific ransomware groups are known to target incident response platforms like PagerDuty or related tools. If a ransomware group is observed to target organizations with similar external exposures or PagerDuty integrations frequently, this intelligence would contribute to the organization's breach and ransomware susceptibility score.

• Vulnerabilities (DarCache Vulnerability): This repository provides a holistic and proactive approach to managing external risks and vulnerabilities.

  • NVD (DarCache NVD): Offers detailed information on CVEs, including attack complexity, impact scores, and CVSS scores. If a known vulnerability exists in a publicly exposed component of PagerDuty or a technology it integrates with, DarCache NVD would provide the technical details, helping prioritize remediation.

  • EPSS (DarCache EPSS): Provides a probabilistic estimate of the likelihood of a vulnerability being exploited. This helps an organization prioritize patching PagerDuty-related vulnerabilities that are not just severe but also likely to be weaponized.

  • KEV (DarCache KEV): Identifies vulnerabilities actively exploited in the wild. If a critical vulnerability affecting PagerDuty or its integrations is being actively exploited, DarCache KEV would highlight it as an immediate threat, driving urgent remediation efforts.

  • Verified Proof-of-Concept (PoC) Exploits (DarCache eXploit): Provides direct links to PoC exploits. If a PoC for a PagerDuty vulnerability exists, security teams can use this to reproduce the vulnerability, assess its impact, and develop effective mitigation strategies.

Working with Complementary Solutions: ThreatNG can work synergistically with various complementary solutions to create a more robust security ecosystem.

• Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) Systems: ThreatNG can feed its external discovery and assessment findings into a SIEM. For example, if ThreatNG identifies a new exposed PagerDuty instance or a critical vulnerability in an existing one, the SIEM can ingest this information, allowing security analysts to correlate it with internal logs and alerts. This synergy provides a holistic view of external and internal security events related to PagerDuty.

• Vulnerability Management Platforms: ThreatNG's detailed vulnerability assessments and intelligence from DarCache NVD, EPSS, KEV, and eXploit can enrich a vulnerability management platform. For instance, if ThreatNG identifies an internet-facing server with a known vulnerability that hosts a PagerDuty integration, the vulnerability management platform can prioritize patching that specific server based on ThreatNG's external context and exploitability data.

• Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) Tools: As ThreatNG discovers cloud services and SaaS solutions, including PagerDuty, it can provide valuable external context to CSPM tools. If ThreatNG flags a misconfigured public cloud bucket that PagerDuty uses for logging, the CSPM can enforce policies to secure that bucket.

• Attack Surface Management (ASM) Tools: While ThreatNG is an ASM solution, it could complement other ASM tools by focusing on its unique external, unauthenticated discovery and detailed external assessment ratings. For example, suppose another ASM tool identifies a broad range of assets. In that case, ThreatNG can then delve deeper into the external attack surface of those assets, specifically highlighting PagerDuty instances and their associated risks.

• Incident Response Platforms (like PagerDuty itself): This creates a powerful feedback loop. While PagerDuty is an incident management platform, ThreatNG's role is proactive risk identification. If ThreatNG discovers a critical external vulnerability, such as a compromised PagerDuty credential, it can trigger an alert directly into PagerDuty for immediate incident response. Conversely, if PagerDuty identifies a surge in alerts from a specific external source, ThreatNG can perform a targeted external assessment of that source to uncover underlying vulnerabilities.

Examples of ThreatNG Helping:

• Proactive Risk Identification: ThreatNG identifies an organization's publicly exposed PagerDuty login page with a weak password policy. This is flagged in a prioritized report, allowing the organization to enforce stronger password requirements and MFA before an attacker can exploit it.

• Supply Chain Risk Mitigation: ThreatNG discovers that a third-party vendor, critical to the organization's incident response and integrated with PagerDuty, has several exposed sensitive ports and known vulnerabilities. This information helps the organization assess and mitigate its supply chain risk related to its incident management processes.

• Dark Web Credential Detection: ThreatNG's DarCache Rupture identifies a set of compromised credentials belonging to an incident responder with access to PagerDuty. The organization is immediately alerted, enabling them to force a password reset and investigate potential unauthorized access to their PagerDuty environment.

Examples of ThreatNG and Complementary Solutions Working Together:

• ThreatNG and SIEM: ThreatNG discovers a publicly exposed PagerDuty API endpoint vulnerable to a known deserialization flaw. ThreatNG pushes this critical vulnerability information to the organization's SIEM. The SIEM then correlates this external vulnerability with internal network traffic logs, identifying attempts by attackers to exploit this specific vulnerability against the PagerDuty API, leading to a rapid and targeted response.

• ThreatNG and Vulnerability Management Platform: ThreatNG identifies a critical vulnerability in an organization's web server that hosts an integration with PagerDuty. ThreatNG provides detailed information, including a link to a verified Proof-of-Concept exploit from DarCache eXploit. This data is automatically fed into the organization's vulnerability management platform, which then prioritizes the remediation of this specific web server, knowing it has a high likelihood of exploitation and direct impact on the incident response system.

• ThreatNG and PagerDuty (Incident Response Platform): ThreatNG's continuous monitoring identifies a newly exposed database that contains sensitive incident response playbooks for PagerDuty. ThreatNG immediately triggers a high-severity incident in PagerDuty, notifying the on-call security team. PagerDuty's automation then initiates a war room, gathers relevant context, and assigns tasks for immediate remediation, leveraging ThreatNG's detailed findings.